In women with normal menstrual cycles, with no history of gynecological or reproductive disorders, and who are not on oral contraceptives, limited evidence suggests slight but non-significant changes occur in markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status throughout the follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases, with a trend towards higher levels during the luteal phase.
However, there are significant intra-individual and inter-individual variations dependent upon other lifestyle factors which influence oxidative stress (e.g., diet, exercise, stress, and use of therapeutic modalities such as photobiomodulation, cold water immersion, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, among other factors).
